Christian Assembly in 197 CE: The Witness of Tertullian, Part 3

October 30, 2025

Post #3 Carthage, North Africa, in 197 CE. Tertullian describes a gathering of believers in Jesus for his Roman audience. “We pray, too, for the emperors, for their ministers and for all in authority, for the welfare of the world, for the prevalence of peace, for the delay of the final consummation.” (Oramus etiam pro […]


Daniel 8: The Ram and the Goat

November 13, 2024

The Context of the Vision (8:1-2) The Vision The Ram (8:3-4) The Goat Attacks the Ram (8:5-8) A Little Horn Emerges on the Goat (8:9-14) The Interpretation of the Vision The Setting (8:15-18) The Ram and the Goat Identified (8:19-22) The Little Horn (8:23-25) Who is the “little horn” in Daniel 8:23-25? The Conclusion (8:27) […]


Daniel 1: When Has Cultural Assimilation Gone Too Far?

September 11, 2024

https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mtk4x9qmj4s?si=IxAFymP3c8xGYRXR The Historical Setting: The Kings of Judah King of Judah Dates Biblical Texts Empire Invasion Jehoiakim 609-605 BCE 2 Kings 23:30, 34 Egypt 609 BCE Jehoiakim 605-597 BCE Dan 1:1; Jer 25:1 Babylon 605 BCE Jehoiachin 597 BCE 2 Kings 24:8 Babylon 597 BCE Zedekiah 597-586 BCE 2 Kings 24:18 Babylon 586 BCE Historical […]


1 Peter 2:18-20 – Living as Slaves in the Empire

July 12, 2015

Even “slaves” in the empire are “free.” They are “free” because they are bound to no authority other than God (cf. 1 Peter 2:16). But they “submit” as “slaves” within the empire because they fear (worship) God. This is the mystery of exiles living for the sake of Gospel within an oppressive empire: free from […]


1 Peter 2:13-17 — Living as Exiles in an Empire

July 5, 2015

How do “aliens and exiles” (1 Peter 2:11) live in an empire whose commitments and values are not their own? Accept.  Honor.  Love.  Reverence. Those are the imperatives in 1 Peter 2:13-17. The first, “accept” (NRSV; usually translated “submit”), heads a long sentence that runs from verse thirteen to verse sixteen. The difficulty of accepting […]


Revelation 16 – Armageddon

October 14, 2013

The second vision (Revelation 4-16) now comes to a climatic conclusion. Taken up in the Spirit (Revelation 4:3) to the throne room of God, John saw the heavenly worship of the one who sits on the throne and the Lamb who took the book out of God’s hand (Revelation 4-5). Then John saw all seven […]


Revelation 10: John’s Prophetic Call

August 16, 2013

After the fourth trumpet an eagle soared across the sky to announce the first of three woes (Revelation 8:13). The second woe followed the fifth trumpet (Revelation 9:12). As readers we expect to hear the third woe after the sixth trumpet in order to  transition to the seventh trumpet. Instead, the third woe does not […]


Revelation 9: Imagine Your Worst Nightmare

August 10, 2013

The fifth and sixth trumpets announce the ancient world’s worst nightmares. The terrifying images of Revelation 9 are worthy of our most horrifying apocalyptic movies. It seems 21st century western culture loves apocalyptic movies, whether it is the earth destroyed by a meteor, large armies battling for Middle Earth in the Lord of the Rings trilogy, or the […]


Revelation 8: Prayer and Plagues

August 3, 2013

The Lamb took the book out of the hand of the one who sits on the throne and began opening the seals. The opening of the first four seals were accompanied by four horses that spread destruction upon one-fourth of the earth. The next two seals asked two questions. The martyrs asked “how long” will the persecution continue […]


Revelation 6 – Divine Judgments on Empires

July 20, 2013

The Lamb, having taken the book of prophetic judgment from the hand of God, now begins to open it by breaking the seals. Systematically, the Lamb breaks one seal after another–six in Revelation 6. As each seal is opened John hears and sees a variety of images that evidence divine judgment or are related in […]